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Nilorea Library
C utilities for networking, threading, graphics
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Data Structures | |
struct | N_STR |
A box including a string and his lenght. More... | |
Macros | |
#define | free_nstr(__ptr) |
free a N_STR structure and set the pointer to NULL | |
#define | local_strdup(__src_) |
Do tar(1) matching rules, which ignore a trailing slash? | |
#define | n_remove_ending_cr(__nstr_var) |
Remove carriage return (backslash r) if there is one in the last position of the string. | |
#define | n_replace_cr(__nstr_var, __replacement) |
Find and replace all occurences of carriage return (backslash r) in the string. | |
#define | nstrcat(__nstr_dst, __nstr_src) |
Macro to quickly concatenate two N_STR. | |
#define | nstrcat_bytes(__nstr_dst, __void_src) nstrcat_bytes_ex(&(__nstr_dst), __void_src, strlen(__void_src)) |
Macro to quickly concatenate a '\0' ended byte stream to a N_STR. | |
#define | nstrprintf(__nstr_var, __format, ...) nstrprintf_ex(&(__nstr_var), (__format), ##__VA_ARGS__) |
Macro to quickly allocate and sprintf to N_STR. | |
#define | nstrprintf_cat(__nstr_var, __format, ...) nstrprintf_cat_ex(&(__nstr_var), (__format), ##__VA_ARGS__) |
Macro to quickly allocate and sprintf and cat to a N_STR. | |
#define | strprintf(__n_var, ...) |
Macro to quickly allocate and sprintf to a char. | |
#define | WILDMAT_ABORT -2 |
Abort code to sped up pattern matching. | |
#define | WILDMAT_NEGATE_CLASS '^' |
What character marks an inverted character class? | |
Typedefs | |
typedef size_t | NSTRBYTE |
N_STR base unit. | |
Functions | |
int | _free_nstr (N_STR **ptr) |
Free a N_STR structure and set the pointer to NULL. | |
N_STR * | char_to_nstr (const char *src) |
Convert a char into a N_STR, short version. | |
int | char_to_nstr_ex (const char *from, NSTRBYTE nboct, N_STR **to) |
Convert a char into a N_STR, extended version. | |
N_STR * | char_to_nstr_nocopy (char *src) |
Convert a char into a N_STR, direct use of linked source pointer. | |
int | char_to_nstr_nocopy_ex (char *from, NSTRBYTE nboct, N_STR **to) |
int | empty_nstr (N_STR *nstr) |
empty a N_STR string | |
N_STR * | file_to_nstr (char *filename) |
Load a whole file into a N_STR. | |
int | free_nstr_nolog (N_STR **ptr) |
Free a N_STR structure and set the pointer to NULL. | |
void | free_nstr_ptr (void *ptr) |
Free a N_STR pointer structure. | |
void | free_nstr_ptr_nolog (void *ptr) |
Free a N_STR pointer structure. | |
int | free_split_result (char ***tab) |
Free a split result allocated array. | |
char * | join (char **splitresult, char *delim) |
join the array into a string | |
N_STR * | new_nstr (NSTRBYTE size) |
create a new N_STR string | |
char * | nfgets (char *buffer, NSTRBYTE size, FILE *stream) |
try to fgets | |
int | nstr_to_fd (N_STR *str, FILE *out, int lock) |
Write a N_STR content into a file. | |
int | nstr_to_file (N_STR *n_str, char *filename) |
Write a N_STR content into a file. | |
N_STR * | nstrcat_bytes_ex (N_STR **dest, void *src, NSTRBYTE size) |
Append data into N_STR using internal N_STR size and cursor position. | |
N_STR * | nstrcat_ex (N_STR **dest, void *src, NSTRBYTE size, int resize_flag) |
N_STR * | nstrdup (N_STR *msg) |
Duplicate a N_STR. | |
N_STR * | nstrprintf_cat_ex (N_STR **nstr_var, const char *format,...) |
N_STR * | nstrprintf_ex (N_STR **nstr_var, const char *format,...) |
int | resize_nstr (N_STR *nstr, size_t size) |
reallocate a nstr internal buffer. | |
int | scan_dir (const char *dir, LIST *result, const int recurse) |
Scan a list of directory and return a list of char *file. | |
int | scan_dir_ex (const char *dir, const char *pattern, LIST *result, const int recurse, const int mode) |
Scan a list of directory and return a list of char *file. | |
int | skipu (char *string, char toskip, NSTRBYTE *iterator, int inc) |
skip until 'toskip' occurence is found from 'iterator' to the next 'toskip' value. | |
int | skipw (char *string, char toskip, NSTRBYTE *iterator, int inc) |
skip while 'toskip' occurence is found from 'iterator' to the next non 'toskip' position. | |
char ** | split (const char *str, const char *delim, int empty) |
split the strings into a an array of char *pointer , ended by a NULL one. | |
int | split_count (char **split_result) |
Count split elements. | |
char * | str_replace (const char *string, const char *substr, const char *replacement) |
Replace "substr" by "replacement" inside string taken from http://coding.debuntu.org/c-implementing-str_replace-replace-all-occurrences-substring By Chantra. | |
int | str_sanitize (char *string, const char *mask, const char replacement) |
clean a string by replacing evil characteres | |
int | str_sanitize_ex (char *string, const NSTRBYTE string_len, const char *mask, const NSTRBYTE masklen, const char replacement) |
clean a string by replacing evil characteres | |
int | str_to_int (const char *s, int *i, const int base) |
Helper for string to integer. | |
int | str_to_int_ex (const char *s, NSTRBYTE start, NSTRBYTE end, int *i, const int base) |
Helper for string[start to end] to integer. | |
int | str_to_int_nolog (const char *s, NSTRBYTE start, NSTRBYTE end, int *i, const int base, N_STR **infos) |
Helper for string[start to end] to integer. | |
int | str_to_long (const char *s, long int *i, const int base) |
Helper for string to integer. | |
int | str_to_long_ex (const char *s, NSTRBYTE start, NSTRBYTE end, long int *i, const int base) |
Helper for string[start to end] to long integer. | |
int | str_to_long_long (const char *s, long long int *i, const int base) |
Helper for string to integer. | |
int | str_to_long_long_ex (const char *s, NSTRBYTE start, NSTRBYTE end, long long int *i, const int base) |
Helper for string[start to end] to long long integer. | |
int | strcpy_u (char *from, char *to, NSTRBYTE to_size, char split, NSTRBYTE *it) |
Copy from start to dest until from[ iterator ] == split. | |
int | strlo (char *string, char *dest) |
Upper case a string. | |
int | strup (char *string, char *dest) |
Upper case a string. | |
char * | trim (char *s) |
trim and put a \0 at the end, return new char * | |
char * | trim_nocopy (char *s) |
trim and zero end the string, WARNING: keep and original pointer to delete the string correctly | |
int | wildmat (register const char *text, register const char *p) |
Written by Rich Salz rsalz at osf.org, refurbished by me. | |
int | wildmatcase (register const char *text, register const char *p) |
Written by Rich Salz rsalz at osf.org, refurbished by me. | |
int | write_and_fit (char **dest, NSTRBYTE *size, NSTRBYTE *written, const char *src) |
concatenate a copy of src of size strlen( src ) to dest, starting at dest[ written ], updating written and size variable, allocation of new blocks of (needed size + 512) if resize is needed. | |
int | write_and_fit_ex (char **dest, NSTRBYTE *size, NSTRBYTE *written, const char *src, NSTRBYTE src_size, NSTRBYTE additional_padding) |
concatenate a copy of src of size src_size to dest, starting at dest[ written ], updating written and size variable, allocation of new blocks of (needed size + additional_padding ) if resize is needed. | |
struct N_STR |
A box including a string and his lenght.
Data Fields | ||
---|---|---|
char * | data | the string |
size_t | length | length of string (in case we wanna keep information after the 0 end of string value) |
size_t | written | size of the written data inside the string |
#define free_nstr | ( | __ptr | ) |
free a N_STR structure and set the pointer to NULL
#define local_strdup | ( | __src_ | ) |
Do tar(1) matching rules, which ignore a trailing slash?
local strdup
#define n_remove_ending_cr | ( | __nstr_var | ) |
#define n_replace_cr | ( | __nstr_var, | |
__replacement | |||
) |
Find and replace all occurences of carriage return (backslash r) in the string.
#define nstrcat | ( | __nstr_dst, | |
__nstr_src | |||
) |
Macro to quickly concatenate two N_STR.
#define nstrcat_bytes | ( | __nstr_dst, | |
__void_src | |||
) | nstrcat_bytes_ex(&(__nstr_dst), __void_src, strlen(__void_src)) |
#define nstrprintf | ( | __nstr_var, | |
__format, | |||
... | |||
) | nstrprintf_ex(&(__nstr_var), (__format), ##__VA_ARGS__) |
Macro to quickly allocate and sprintf to N_STR.
#define nstrprintf_cat | ( | __nstr_var, | |
__format, | |||
... | |||
) | nstrprintf_cat_ex(&(__nstr_var), (__format), ##__VA_ARGS__) |
Macro to quickly allocate and sprintf and cat to a N_STR.
#define strprintf | ( | __n_var, | |
... | |||
) |
Macro to quickly allocate and sprintf to a char.
#define WILDMAT_ABORT -2 |
Abort code to sped up pattern matching.
Special thanks to Lars Mathiesen thori.nosp@m.nn@d.nosp@m.iku.d.nosp@m.k for the ABORT code.
#define WILDMAT_NEGATE_CLASS '^' |
int _free_nstr | ( | N_STR ** | ptr | ) |
N_STR * char_to_nstr | ( | const char * | src | ) |
Convert a char into a N_STR, short version.
src | A char *string to convert |
Definition at line 228 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, and char_to_nstr_ex().
Referenced by add_strdup_to_msg(), n_vigenere_quick_decode(), and n_vigenere_quick_encode().
Convert a char into a N_STR, extended version.
from | A char *string to convert |
nboct | The size to copy, from 1 octet to nboctet (ustrsizez( from ) ) |
to | A N_STR pointer who will be Malloced |
Definition at line 205 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, _str, Free, LOG_ERR, n_log, and new_nstr().
Referenced by char_to_nstr().
N_STR * char_to_nstr_nocopy | ( | char * | src | ) |
Convert a char into a N_STR, direct use of linked source pointer.
src | A char *string to use |
Definition at line 241 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, data, length, new_nstr(), and written.
int empty_nstr | ( | N_STR * | nstr | ) |
N_STR * file_to_nstr | ( | char * | filename | ) |
Load a whole file into a N_STR.
Be aware of the NSTRBYTE addressing limit (2GB commonly)
filename | The filename to load inside a N_STR |
Definition at line 260 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, data, free_nstr, LOG_DEBUG, LOG_ERR, n_log, new_nstr(), and written.
Referenced by n_gui_load_dialog(), n_kafka_load_config(), n_kafka_new_event_from_file(), n_vigenere_decode_file(), n_vigenere_decode_file_qa(), n_vigenere_encode_file(), and n_vigenere_encode_file_qa().
int free_nstr_nolog | ( | N_STR ** | ptr | ) |
void free_nstr_ptr | ( | void * | ptr | ) |
Free a N_STR pointer structure.
ptr | A N_STR *object to free |
Definition at line 49 of file n_str.c.
References data, and FreeNoLog.
Referenced by add_nstrdup_to_msg(), add_nstrptr_to_msg(), add_strdup_to_msg(), n_kafka_poll(), netw_add_msg(), netw_add_msg_ex(), netw_recv_func(), and scan_dir_ex().
void free_nstr_ptr_nolog | ( | void * | ptr | ) |
int free_split_result | ( | char *** | tab | ) |
Free a split result allocated array.
tab | A pointer to a split result to free |
Definition at line 970 of file n_str.c.
References Free.
Referenced by load_config_file(), n_kafka_delivery_message_callback(), and split().
char * join | ( | char ** | splitresult, |
char * | delim | ||
) |
join the array into a string
splitresult | the split result to join |
delim | The delimiter, one or more characters |
Definition at line 990 of file n_str.c.
References Malloc.
Referenced by n_kafka_load_config(), and n_kafka_pooling_thread().
create a new N_STR string
size | Size of the new string. 0 for no allocation. |
Definition at line 180 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, data, Free, length, Malloc, and written.
Referenced by char_to_nstr_ex(), char_to_nstr_nocopy(), file_to_nstr(), n_base64_decode(), n_base64_encode(), n_kafka_dump_unprocessed(), n_kafka_load_config(), n_kafka_new(), n_vigenere_get_answer(), n_vigenere_get_question(), n_vigenere_get_rootkey(), nstrdup(), send_net_datas(), unzip_nstr(), and zip_nstr().
char * nfgets | ( | char * | buffer, |
NSTRBYTE | size, | ||
FILE * | stream | ||
) |
try to fgets
buffer | The string where to read the file |
size | Size of the string |
stream | The file to read |
Definition at line 144 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, LOG_ERR, and n_log.
int nstr_to_fd | ( | N_STR * | str, |
FILE * | out, | ||
int | lock | ||
) |
Write a N_STR content into a file.
str | The N_STR *content to write down |
out | An opened FILE *handler |
lock | a write lock will be put if lock = 1 |
Definition at line 336 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, data, LOG_ERR, n_log, and written.
Referenced by nstr_to_file().
int nstr_to_file | ( | N_STR * | str, |
char * | filename | ||
) |
Write a N_STR content into a file.
str | The N_STR *content to write down |
filename | The destination filename |
Definition at line 386 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, _str, LOG_DEBUG, LOG_ERR, n_log, nstr_to_fd(), and written.
Referenced by n_kafka_dump_unprocessed(), n_vigenere_decode_file(), n_vigenere_decode_file_qa(), n_vigenere_encode_file(), and n_vigenere_encode_file_qa().
Append data into N_STR using internal N_STR size and cursor position.
Wrapper to nstrcat_ex, with resize_flag on and a block size one byte higher than size.
dest | The N_STR **destination (accumulator) |
data | The data to append |
size | The number of octet of data we want to append in dest |
Definition at line 1072 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, LOG_ERR, and n_log.
Duplicate a N_STR.
str | A N_STR *object to free |
Definition at line 670 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, data, Free, length, LOG_ERR, n_log, new_nstr(), and written.
Referenced by add_nstrdup_to_msg(), n_vigenere_cypher(), netw_pool_broadcast(), and userlist_add_msg_to_ex().
int resize_nstr | ( | N_STR * | nstr, |
size_t | size | ||
) |
int scan_dir | ( | const char * | dir, |
LIST * | result, | ||
const int | recurse | ||
) |
Scan a list of directory and return a list of char *file.
dir | The directory to scan |
result | A pointer to a valid LIST for the results |
recurse | Recursive search if TRUE, directory only if FALSE |
Definition at line 1137 of file n_str.c.
References scan_dir_ex().
int scan_dir_ex | ( | const char * | dir, |
const char * | pattern, | ||
LIST * | result, | ||
const int | recurse, | ||
const int | mode | ||
) |
Scan a list of directory and return a list of char *file.
dir | The directory to scan |
pattern | Pattern that files must follow to figure in the list |
result | A pointer to a valid LIST for the results |
recurse | Recursive search if TRUE, directory only if FALSE |
mode | 0 for a list of char* , 1 for a list of N_STR * |
Definition at line 1150 of file n_str.c.
References data, free_nstr, free_nstr_ptr(), list_push(), LOG_ERR, n_log, nstrprintf, scan_dir_ex(), and wildmatcase().
Referenced by scan_dir(), and scan_dir_ex().
int skipu | ( | char * | string, |
char | toskip, | ||
NSTRBYTE * | iterator, | ||
int | inc | ||
) |
skip until 'toskip' occurence is found from 'iterator' to the next 'toskip' value.
The new iterator index is automatically stored, returning to it first value if an error append.
string | a char *stri:wqng to search in |
toskip | skipping while char character 'toskip' isnt found |
iterator | an int iteraor position on the string |
inc | an int to specify the step of skipping |
Definition at line 750 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
Referenced by load_config_file().
int skipw | ( | char * | string, |
char | toskip, | ||
NSTRBYTE * | iterator, | ||
int | inc | ||
) |
skip while 'toskip' occurence is found from 'iterator' to the next non 'toskip' position.
The new iterator index is automatically stored, returning to it first value if an error append.
string | a char *string to search in |
toskip | skipping while char character 'toskip' is found |
iterator | an int iteraor position on the string |
inc | an int to specify the step of skipping |
Definition at line 701 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
char ** split | ( | const char * | str, |
const char * | delim, | ||
int | empty | ||
) |
split the strings into a an array of char *pointer , ended by a NULL one.
str | The char *str to split |
delim | The delimiter, one or more characters |
empty | Empty flag. If 1, then empty delimited areas will be added as NULL entries, else they will be skipped. |
Definition at line 874 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, free_split_result(), and Malloc.
Referenced by n_kafka_delivery_message_callback(), n_kafka_load_config(), and strcpy_u().
int split_count | ( | char ** | split_result | ) |
Count split elements.
split_result | A char **result from a split call |
Definition at line 954 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
Referenced by load_config_file(), n_kafka_delivery_message_callback(), and n_kafka_load_config().
char * str_replace | ( | const char * | string, |
const char * | substr, | ||
const char * | replacement | ||
) |
Replace "substr" by "replacement" inside string taken from http://coding.debuntu.org/c-implementing-str_replace-replace-all-occurrences-substring By Chantra.
string | Original string to modify |
substr | String to search |
replacement | Substitution string |
Definition at line 1341 of file n_str.c.
References Malloc.
Referenced by load_config_file().
int str_sanitize | ( | char * | string, |
const char * | mask, | ||
const char | replacement | ||
) |
clean a string by replacing evil characteres
string | The string to change |
mask | The caracters to kill |
replacement | replacement for mask |
Definition at line 1403 of file n_str.c.
References str_sanitize_ex().
int str_sanitize_ex | ( | char * | string, |
const NSTRBYTE | string_len, | ||
const char * | mask, | ||
const NSTRBYTE | masklen, | ||
const char | replacement | ||
) |
clean a string by replacing evil characteres
string | The string to change |
string_len | Size of the data to treat |
mask | The caracters to kill |
masklen | size of mask |
replacement | replacement for mask |
Definition at line 1380 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
Referenced by str_sanitize().
int str_to_int | ( | const char * | s, |
int * | i, | ||
const int | base | ||
) |
Helper for string to integer.
s | String to convert |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receieve the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
Definition at line 511 of file n_str.c.
References str_to_int_ex().
Helper for string[start to end] to integer.
Automatically add /0 for conversion. Leave values untouched if any error occur. Work on a copy of the chunk.
s | String to convert |
start | Start position of the chunk |
end | End position of the chunk |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receive the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
Definition at line 424 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, Free, LOG_ERR, Malloc, and n_log.
Referenced by str_to_int().
int str_to_int_nolog | ( | const char * | s, |
NSTRBYTE | start, | ||
NSTRBYTE | end, | ||
int * | i, | ||
const int | base, | ||
N_STR ** | infos | ||
) |
Helper for string[start to end] to integer.
Automatically add /0 for conversion. Leave values untouched if any error occur. Work on a copy of the chunk.
s | String to convert |
start | Start position of the chunk |
end | End position of the chunk |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receieve the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
infos | If not NULL , contain the errors. remember to free the pointer if returned !! |
Definition at line 470 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, Free, LOG_ERR, Malloc, n_log, and nstrprintf.
int str_to_long | ( | const char * | s, |
long int * | i, | ||
const int | base | ||
) |
Helper for string to integer.
s | String to convert |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receieve the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
Definition at line 642 of file n_str.c.
References str_to_long_ex().
Helper for string[start to end] to long integer.
Automatically add /0 for conversion. Leave values untouched if any error occur. Work on a copy of the chunk.
s | String to convert |
start | Start position of the chunk |
end | End position of the chunk |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receieve the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
Definition at line 530 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, Free, LOG_DEBUG, LOG_ERR, Malloc, and n_log.
Referenced by str_to_long().
int str_to_long_long | ( | const char * | s, |
long long int * | i, | ||
const int | base | ||
) |
Helper for string to integer.
s | String to convert |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receieve the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
Definition at line 657 of file n_str.c.
References str_to_long_long_ex().
int str_to_long_long_ex | ( | const char * | s, |
NSTRBYTE | start, | ||
NSTRBYTE | end, | ||
long long int * | i, | ||
const int | base | ||
) |
Helper for string[start to end] to long long integer.
Automatically add /0 for conversion. Leave values untouched if any error occur. Work on a copy of the chunk.
s | String to convert |
start | Start position of the chunk |
end | End position of the chunk |
i | A pointer to an integer variable which will receieve the value. |
base | Base for converting values |
Definition at line 587 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, Free, LOG_DEBUG, LOG_ERR, Malloc, and n_log.
Referenced by str_to_long_long().
Copy from start to dest until from[ iterator ] == split.
from | Source string |
to | Dest string |
to_size | the maximum size to write |
split | stopping character |
it | Save of iterator |
Definition at line 838 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, LOG_DEBUG, n_log, and split().
int strlo | ( | char * | string, |
char * | dest | ||
) |
Upper case a string.
string | the string to change to lower case |
dest | the string where storing result |
Definition at line 817 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
int strup | ( | char * | string, |
char * | dest | ||
) |
Upper case a string.
string | the string to change to upper case |
dest | the string where storing result |
Definition at line 798 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
char * trim | ( | char * | s | ) |
trim and put a \0 at the end, return new char *
s | The string to trim |
Definition at line 131 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert, and trim_nocopy().
char * trim_nocopy | ( | char * | s | ) |
trim and zero end the string, WARNING: keep and original pointer to delete the string correctly
s | The string to trim |
Definition at line 102 of file n_str.c.
References __n_assert.
Referenced by load_config_file(), and trim().
int wildmat | ( | register const char * | text, |
register const char * | p | ||
) |
Written by Rich Salz rsalz at osf.org, refurbished by me.
Wildcard pattern matching .
text | The source text to search |
p | The text to search, with wildcards |
Definition at line 1211 of file n_str.c.
References wildmat(), WILDMAT_ABORT, and WILDMAT_NEGATE_CLASS.
Referenced by wildmat().
int wildmatcase | ( | register const char * | text, |
register const char * | p | ||
) |
Written by Rich Salz rsalz at osf.org, refurbished by me.
Wildcard pattern matching case insensitive.
text | The source text to search |
p | The text to search, with wildcards |
Definition at line 1275 of file n_str.c.
References WILDMAT_ABORT, WILDMAT_NEGATE_CLASS, and wildmatcase().
Referenced by scan_dir_ex(), and wildmatcase().
concatenate a copy of src of size strlen( src ) to dest, starting at dest[ written ], updating written and size variable, allocation of new blocks of (needed size + 512) if resize is needed.
If dest is NULL it will be allocated.
dest | The dest string |
size | The current size, will be updated if written + strlen( dest) > size |
written | the number of octet added |
src | The source string to add |
Definition at line 1126 of file n_str.c.
References write_and_fit_ex().
int write_and_fit_ex | ( | char ** | dest, |
NSTRBYTE * | size, | ||
NSTRBYTE * | written, | ||
const char * | src, | ||
NSTRBYTE | src_size, | ||
NSTRBYTE | additional_padding | ||
) |
concatenate a copy of src of size src_size to dest, starting at dest[ written ], updating written and size variable, allocation of new blocks of (needed size + additional_padding ) if resize is needed.
If dest is NULL it will be allocated.
dest | The dest string |
size | The current size, will be updated if written + strlen( dest) > size |
written | the number of octet added |
src | The source string to add |
src_size | The source string size |
additional_padding | In case the destination is reallocated, number of additional bytes that will be added (provisionning) |
Definition at line 1093 of file n_str.c.
References LOG_ERR, n_log, and Reallocz.
Referenced by write_and_fit().